Comparação entre as culturas jornalísticas da Suíça, Espanha e Equador

os efeitos das influências de contexto na percepção dos jornalistas do seu papel profissional e da ideia de objetividade

Autores

  • Martin Oller Alonso Universidad de las Américas

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.19132/1807-8583201533.90-132

Palavras-chave:

Cultura jornalística. Papéis profissionais. Estudos comparativos. Suíça. Espanha. Equador.

Resumo

O número de pesquisas comparativas globais sobre cultura jornalística está aumentando. Mais e mais as amostras de países para comparação estão colocando culturas não ocidentais no centro da pesquisa. Neste artigo analiza-se a autopercepção de papéis profissionais e a ideia de objetividade de jornalistas suíços, espanhóis e equatorianos. Para estudar essas dimensões utiliza-se trabalho de campo baseado em entrevistas de profundidade com 70 jornalistas de 15 mídias nos três países e uma análise em diversos níveis das influências do contexto. O objetivo é determinar a autopercepção dos jornalistas em relação aos seus papéis enquanto profissionais e a ideia de objetividade enquanto ideal e método para reportar uma história dentro de cada contexto. Os resultados mostram que jornalistas espanhóis tendem a assumir um papel intervencionista e se posicionam contra o governo. Jornalistas suíços tendem a ser mais passivos e objetivos o que os espanhóis e, mesmo não considerando a si mesmos como cães de guarda, assumem uma posição crítica em relação aos centros de poder. E, finalmente, os jornalistas equatorianos acreditam que são profissionais neutros e imparciais, que devem informar os cidadãos, e que a objetividade, enquanto conceito filosófico, não é um objetivo da profissão.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia do Autor

Martin Oller Alonso, Universidad de las Américas

Doctor en Periodismo

Profesor/investigador Universidad de las Américas

Referências

ALBAEK, E. et al. Political journalism in comparative perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2014.

ALMEIDA, M. Estado, medios y censura soft: una comparación transnacional y transideológica. Nueva Sociedad, Buenos Aires, n. 249, p. 119-136, Jan./Feb. 2014.

ARMINGEON, K.; LINDER, W. ; ZOHLNHÖFER, R. (Ed.). Sustainable governance indicators: 2014 switzerland report. Gütersloh: BertelsmannStiftung, 2014.

ASOCIACIÓN DE LA PRENSA DE MADRID. Informe anual de la profesión periodística. Madrid: Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid, 2007.

ASOCIACIÓN DE LA PRENSA DE MADRID. Informe anual de la profesión periodística. Madrid: Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid, 2014.

BARRERA, C. ; VAZ, A. The Spanish case: a recent academic tradition. In: FROHLICH, R. HOLTZBACHA, C. (Ed.). Journalism education in Europe and North America: an international comparison. Creskill: Hampton, 2003. p. 21-48.

BERGANZA, M. R.; OLLER, M.; MEIER, K. Los roles periodísticos y la objetividad en el periodismo político escrito suizo y español: un modelo de análisis de la cultura periodística aplicado. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, n. 65, p. 488-502, 2010.

BLUM, R. Medienstrukturen der Schweiz. In: BENTELE, G.; BROSIUS, H. B. & JARREN, O. (Ed.). Öffentliche Kommunikation: Handbuch Kommunikations - und Medienwissenschaft. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, 2003. p. 366-381.

BLUM, R. Politischer Journalismus in der Schweiz. In: DONGES, P. (Ed.). Politische Kommunikation in der Schweiz. Bern: Haupt, 2005. p. 115-130.

BLUMLER, J. G.; GUREVITCH, M. The crisis of public communication. London: Routledge, 1995.

BONFADELLI, H. et al. Journalists in Switzerland: structures and attitudes. Studies in Communication Sciences, v. 11, n. 2, p. 7-26, 2011.

BOOM, van den H. Spain. In: EIJK, van D. (Ed.). Report about journalism in Europe: investigative journalism in Europe. Utrecht: Project Manager at NRC Handelsblad, 2005. p. 165-175.

BURGES, S. W. Brazil: toward a (neo) liberal democracy? In: GRUGEL, J.; RIGGIROZZI, P. (Ed.). Gobernance alter neoliberalism in Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. p. 195-215.

CAMPOS-FREIRE, F. The future of the european TV is hybrid, convergent and less public. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, n. 68, p. 89-118, 2013.

CANCINO, H. E.; CHRISTENSEN, S. F. América Latina en tiempos de globalización y crisis. Sociedad y Discurso, v. 18, n. 2, p. 1-20, 2010.

CANEL, M. J.; PIQUÉ, A. M. Journalists in emerging democracies: the case of Spain. In: WEAVER, D. H. (Ed.). The global journalist: news people around the world. New Jersey: Hampton, 1998. p. 299-319.

CHAFFEE, S. H.;BERGER, C. R. Levels of analysis: an introduction. In: BERGER, C. R.; CHAFFEE, S. H. (Ed.). Handbook of communication science. Newbury Park: Sage, 1987. p. 143-145.

CHECA-GODOY, A. La banca y la propiedad de los medios: el caso de Ecuador. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, n. 67, p. 125-147, 2011.

COOK, T. The news media as a political institution: looking backward and looking forward. Political Communication, v. 23, n. 2, p. 159-171, 2006.

COULDRY, N. Media, society, world: social theory and digital media practice. Cambridge: Polity, 2012.

CURRAN, J.; PARK, M. J. De-westernizing media studis. London: Routledge, 2000.

DE MATEO, R. Spain. In: KELLY, M.; MAZZOLENI, G.; MCQUAIL, D. (Ed.). The media in Europe. London: Sage Publication, 2004. p. 225-236.

DE MATEO, R. Medien in spanien. In: HANS-BREDOW-INSTITUT (Ed.). Internationales handbuch medien. Baden Baden: Nomos Verlag, 2005. p. 649-661.

DEUZE, M. National news cultures: a comparison of dutch, german, british, australian, and U.S. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, n. 79, p. 134-149, 2002.

DONSBACH, W. Journalist. In: NOELLE-NEUMANN, E.; SCHULZ, W.; WILKE, J. (Ed.). Fischer Lexikon Publizistik Massenkommunikation. 7. ed. Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 2000. p. 65‐91.

DONSBACH, W. Journalists´ role perceptions. In: DONSBACH, W. (Ed.). The international encyclopedia of communication. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. p. 2605–2610.

DOWNEY, J.; STANYER, J. Comparative media analysis: why some fuzzy thinking might help. Apllying fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to the personalizacion of mediated political communication. European Journal of Communication, v. 25, n. 4, p. 1-17, 2010.

DOWNING, J. D. H. Comparative research and the history of communication studies. In: VOLKMER, I. (Ed.). The handbook of global media research. Oxford: Blackwell, 2012. p. 7-27.

ECUADOR. Asemblea Nacional. Constitución de la República del Ecuador. Montecristi, 2008.

ECUADOR. Asemblea Nacional. Ley orgánica de comunicación. Registro Oficial, Tercer Suplemento, Quito, año 1, n. 22, junio 2013.

ESSER, F. Die kräfte hinter den schlagzeilen: englischer und deutscher journalismus im Vergleich. Freiburg: Verlag Karl Albert, 1998.

ESSER, F. Journalismus vergleichen: komparative forschung und theoriebildung. In: LÖFFELHOLZ, M. (Ed.). Theorien des journalismus: ein diskursives handbuch. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 2004.

ESSER, F. The emerging paradigm of comparative communication enquiry: advancing cross-national research in times of globalization. International Journal of Communication, n. 7, p. 113-128, 2013.

ESSER, F.; HANITZSCH, T. The handbook of comparative communication research. New York/London: ICA Handbook Series; Routledge, 2012.

ESSER, F.; UMBRICHT, A. Competing models of journalism? Political affairs coverage in US, british, german, swiss, french and italian newspapers. Journalism, v. 14, n. 8, p. 989-1007, 2013.

ETTEMA, J. S.; WHITNEY, D. C. (Ed.). Individuals in mass media organization: creativity and constraint. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1982.

GENCEL BEK, M. Turkish and international journalists comparing the media systems, journalistic practices and news production processes. Medij. Istraz, v. 17, n. 1/2, p. 163-176, 2011.

GOLDING, P.; HARRIS, P. (Ed.). Beyond cultural imperialismus, globalization, communication & the new international order. London: Sage, 1997.

GÓMEZ-MOMPART, J. L.; GUTIÉRREZ-LOZANO, J. F.; PALAU-SAMPIO, D. Los periodistas españoles y la pérdida de la calidad de la información: el juicio profesional. Comunicar 45, v. 23, 2015.

GROSSBERG, L. et al. Media making: mass media in a popular culture. California: Sage, 2006.

GUNTHER, R.; MONTERO, J. R.; WERT, J. I. The media and politics in Spain: from dictatorship to democracy. In: GUNTHER, R.; MUGHAN, A. Democracy and the media: a comparative perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2000. p. 28-84.

HALLIN, D.;PAPATHANASSOPOULOS, S. Political clientelism and the media: Southern Europe and Latin America in comparative perspective. Media, Culture and Society, n. 24, p. 175-95, 2002.

HALLIN, D.; MANCINI, P. Comparing media systems: three models of media and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2004.

HALLIN, D.; MANCINI, P. Comparing media systems beyond the western world. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University, 2012.

HAMILTON, J. All the news that´s fit to sell: how the market transforms information into news. Princeton: Princeton University, 2004.

HANITZSCH, T. Deconstructing journalism culture: toward a universal theory. Mass Communication Theory, v. 17, n. 4, p. 367-385, 2007.

HANITZSCH, T. Comparing media systems reconsidered: recent development and directions for futur research. Journal of Global Mass Communication, v. 1, n. 3/4, p. 111-117, 2008.

HANITZSCH, T. Zur wahrnehmung von einflüssen im journalismus: komparative

befunde aus 17 ländern (on perceived influences on journalism: evidence from 17 countries). Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft, v. 57, n. 2, p. 153-173, 2009.

HANITZSCH, T. et al. Modeling perceived influences on journalism: evidence from a cross-national survey of journalists. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, v. 87, n. 1, p. 7-24, 2010.

HANITZSCH, T. et al. Mapping journalism cultures across nations. Journalism Studies, v. 12, n. 3, p. 273-293, 2011.

HANITZSCH, T.; MELLADO, C. What shapes the news around the world? How journalists in eighteen countries perceive influences on their work. International Journal of Press/Politics, v. 16, n. 3, p. 404-426, 2011.

HEPP, A.; COULDRY, N. What should comparative media research be comparing? Towards a transcultural approach to media cultures. In: KISHAN, D. (Ed.). Internationalizing media studies. London: Routledge, 2009. p. 32-47.

HUMANES, M. L. La profesión periodística en España. Zer: revista de estudios de comunicación, v. 10, n. 19, p. 77-87, 1998.

HUMANES, M. L.; MARTÍNEZ, M.; SAPERAS, E. Political Journalism in Spain: practices, roles and attitudes. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, v. 19, n. 2, p. 715-731, 2013.

INTERNATIONAL Comparative Legal Guide: telecoms, media and internet laws and regulations 2015. London: Global Legal Group, 2015.

JARREN, O.; VOGEL, M. Gesellschaftliche selbstbeobachtung und ko-orientierung: die leitmedien der modernen gesellschaft. In: GENDOLLA, P.; LIGENSA, A.; MÜLLER, D. (Ed.). Alte und neue leitmedien. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2008, p. 71-91.

JOURNALISTIC ROLE performance around the world. [2015?]. Available from: <http://www.journalisticperformance.org/>. Acessed: Mar. 2, 2015.

KHONDLER, H. H. Globalization: agains reductionism and linearity. Development and Society, v. 29, p. 17-33, 2000.

KLEINSTEUBER, H. J. Medien und kommunikation im internationalen vergleich: conzepte, methoden und befunde. In: ESSER, F.; PFETSCH, B. (Ed.). Politische kommunikation im internationalen vergleich: grundlagen, anwendungen, perspektiven. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, 2003. p. 78-103.

KOHN, M. L. Cross-national research as an analytic strategy. In: KOHN, M. L. (Ed.). Crossnational research in sociology. Newbury Park: Sage. 1989. p. 77-102.

LUKE, D. Multilevel modeling. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2004.

MAHON, M. The visible evidence of cultural producers. Annual Review of Anthropology, n. 29, p. 467-492, 2000.

MANCINI, P. Is there a European model of journalism? In: DE BURGH, H. (Ed.). Making journalists: diverse models, global issues. London: Routledge, 2005. p. 77-93.

MARR, M. et al. Journalisten in der schweiz: eigenschaften, einstellungen, einflusse. Konstanz: Publizistik Vierteljahreshefte fur K, 2001.

MCQUAIL, D. Introducción a la teoría de la comunicación de masas. Barcelona: Paidós Comunicación, 1983.

MCQUAIL, D. On evaluating media performance in the public interest: past and future of a research tradition. In: GRIFFIN, M. (Ed.). International media monitoring. Cresskill: Hampton Press, Inc, 1999. p. 25-38.

MCQUAIL, D.; WINDAHL, S. Communication models: for the study of mass communications. 2. ed. Malaysia: Pearson, 1993.

MEIER, W. A. Switzerland. In: KELLY, M., MAZZOLENI, G. & MCQUAIL, D. (Ed.). The media in Europe: the euromedia handbook. London: Sage, 2004. p. 249-261.

MEIER, W. A. Das mediensystem der schweiz. In: HANS-BREDOW-INSTITUT (Ed.). Internationales handbuch medien 2004-2005. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2009, p. 592-605.

MEIER, W. A.; SAXER, U. Switzerland. In: The media in Western Europe: the euromedia handbook. London: Sage, 1992. p. 223-234.

MEIER, W. A.; SCHANNE, M. Medienlandschaft schweiz im umbruch: vom öffentlichen kulturgut rundfunk zur elektronischen kioskware. Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhah, 1994.

MELLADO, C. et al. Comparing journalism cultures in Latin America: the case of Chile, Brazil and Mexico. International Communication Gazette, n. 74, p. 60-77, 2012.

OLLER, M. The triangle formed by framing, agenda-setting and metacoverage. Disertaciones, v. 7, n. 1, p. 41-66, 2014.

OLLER, M.; MEIER, K. La cultura periodística de España y Suiza. Madrid: Fragua, 2012.

OLLER, M.; BARREDO, D. Las culturas periodísticas intermedias: estudios comparativos internacionales en periodismo. La Laguna: Sociedad Latina de Comunicación Social, 2013.

OLLER, M.; CHAVERO, P. La profesionalización del periodismo y el profesionalismo de los periodistas en Ecuador. Prisma.com, Aveiro, n. 25, p. 23-49. 2014.

OLLER, M. The Journalistic Cultures of Switzerland, Spain and Ecuador: the effects of context influences on the journalists’ perception. In: SGKM ANNUAL CONFERENCE, 2015, Bern. Proceedings… Bern: University of Bern2015.

OLLER, M.; CHAVERO, P. El periodismo en América Latina: la cultura periodística de Ecuador. Granada: EDICSO, 2015.

PATTERSON, T. The United States: news in a free-market society. In: GUNTHER, R.; MUGHAN, A. (Ed.). Democracy and the media: a comparative perspective. New York: Cambridge University, 2000.

PERUŠKO, Z.; ČUVALO, A. Comparing socialists and post-socialist television culture. Journal of European Television History & Culture, VIEUU, v. 3, n. 5, p. 131-150, 2014.

PFETSCH, B.; ESSER, F. Conceptual challenges to the paradigms of comparative media systems in a globalized world. Journal of Global Communication, v. 1, n. 3/4, p. 118-131, 2008.

PRESTON, P.; METYKOVA, M. Individual influences on news: Journalists’ values and norms. In: PRESTON, P. (Ed.). Making the news: journalism and news cultures in Europe. London: Routledge, 2009. p. 32-48.

REPORTEROS sin fronteras. Informe Anual: la libertad de prensa en el mundo en 2010. Madrid: Reporteros sin Fronteras, 2010.

REUS, G. Herr fuchs im hühnerhaus: journalistik als sozialwissenschaft mit kulturellem gewissen. Publizistik, v. 43, n. 3, p. 250-259, 1998.

RODRÍGUEZ, R. Características socio-demográficas y laborales de los periodistas españoles e índice de satisfacción profesional. Ámbitos: revista andaluza de comunicación, n. 9-10, 487-504, 2003.

SÁNCHEZ-GARCÍA, P.; CAMPOS-DOMÍNGUEZ, E.; BERROCAL-GONZALO, S. The unalterable functions of journalists in view of the emerging multimedia job profiles. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, n. 70, p. 187-208, 2015.

SANDERS, K.; CANEL, M. J. Government cases and challenges communication. London/New York: Bloomsbury, 2013.

SAXER, U. Bericht aus dem bundeshaus: eine befragung von bundeshausjournalisten und parlamentariern in der schweiz. Zürich: Publizistikwissenschaft der Universität Zürich, 1992.

SHOEMAKER, P. J.; EESE, S. Mediating the message: theories of influences on mass media content. New York: Longman, 1991.

SCHULZE, I. Spanische medienkultur gestern und heute. Berlin: Vistas Verlag GmbH, 2005.

SONWALKAR, P. News imperialism: contra view from the south. In: PATERSON, C.; SREBERNY, A. (Ed.). International news in the twenty-first century. Eastleigh: John Libby, 2004. p. 111-126.

SPARROW, B. A research agenda for an institutional media. Political Communication, n. 23, p. 145-157, 2006.

SCHWEIZERISCHE EIDGENOSSENSCHAFT. Bundesamt für Kommunikation. [2015]. Available at: <http://www.bakom.admin.ch/dokumentation/gesetzgebung/00512/03026/index.html?lang=de>. Access: May 23th 2015.

THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT LIMITED. Democracy Index of the Economist Intelligence Unit, 2012. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, 2013.

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION. Mass media declaration of the UNESCO, 1978. Available at: <http://portal.unesco.org/es/ev.php-URL_ID=13176&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html>. Access: Feb. 27th 2015.

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION. Análisis del desarrollo mediático en Ecuador – 2011. Quito: UNESCO, 2011.

VAN DE VIJVER, F. J. R.; LEUNG, K. Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1997.

VIMENTIS: die neutrale informationsplattform. Änderung des Bundesgesetzes über Radio und Fernsehen (RTVG). 2015. Available at: <http://www.vimentis.ch/content/docs/RadioundFernsehen_final.pdf>. Access: May 23th 2015.

VIRTUE. Journalists in the Andes. Miami: Florida International University, 1994.

VOLTMER, K. Comparing media systems in new democracies: east meets South meets West. Central European Journal of Communication, n. 1, p. 23-40, 2008.

WEAVER, D. ; WILHOIT, C. G. The American journalist in the 1990´s: U. S. news people at the end of an era. New Jersey: Laurence Erlbaum Associates, 1996.

WEAVER, D.; LÖFFELHOLZ, M. Questioning national, cultural and disciplinary Boundaries: a call for global journalism research. In: LÖFFELHOLZ, M.; WEAVER, D. (Ed.). Global Journalism Research. Oxford: Blackwell, 2008. p. 3-13.

WEISCHENBERG, S. Journalistik: theorie und praxis aktueller medienkommunikation, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992. v. 1: Mediensysteme, Medienethik, Medieninstitutionen.

WEISCHENBERG, S. Journalistik: theorie und praxis aktueller medienkommunikation. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1995. v. 2: Medientechnik, Medienfunktionen, Medienakteure.

WESSLER, H.; AVERBECK-LIETZ, S. Grenzüberschreitende medienkommunikation: konturen eines forshcungsfeldes im prozess der konsolidierung. In: WESSLER, H.; AVERBECK-LIETZ, S. (Ed.). Grenzüberschreitende medienkommunikation. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2012. p. 5-18.

WHITNEY, D. C.; SUMPTER, R. S.; MCQUAIL, D. News media production: individuals, organizations and institutions. In: DOWNING, J. D. H. et al. (Ed.). The SAGE handbook of media studies. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2004. p. 393-410.

WORLDS OF JOURNALISM STUDY. [Homepage]. 2015. Available at: <http://www.worldsofjournalism.org/>. Access: Mar. 3rd 2015.

WYSS, V. Redaktionelles qualitätsmanagement: ziele, normen, ressourcen. Konstanz: UVK-Medien, 2002.

Downloads

Publicado

2015-08-31

Como Citar

Alonso, M. O. “Comparação Entre As Culturas jornalísticas Da Suíça, Espanha E Equador : Os Efeitos Das Influências De Contexto Na percepção Dos Jornalistas Do Seu Papel Profissional E Da Ideia De Objetividade”. Intexto, nº 33, agosto de 2015, p. 90-132, doi:10.19132/1807-8583201533.90-132.

Edição

Seção

Artigos